Antidepressant- like Effects of Aqueous Extract of Salvadora persica in Rat Model of Depression. Kholoud S Ramadan. Hoda EA Farid. 1,2 and Raya MM Almarashi. Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Biochemistry Department, Minufiya University, Egypt*Corresponding Author: Kholoud S Ramadan. Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry. Al Faisaliah Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Tel: +9. E- mail: [email protected]Received date: Jun 0. Accepted date: Aug 2. Published date: Aug 3. Citation: Ramadan KS, Farid AEH, Almarashi RMM (2. Antidepressant- like Effects of Aqueous Extract of Salvadora persica in Rat Model of. Depression. J Diabetes Metab 7: 6. Copyright: © 2. 01. Ramadan KS, et al. This is an open- access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Visit for more related articles at. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism. Abstract. Salvadora persica (SP) has been used as a medicinal purpose among global Muslim community. Various phytochemical studies on SP reported the presence of saponins, flavonoids, steroids, phenols and tannins. Flavonoids are responsible for antimicrobial, antiallergic, antioxidant, antiradial, anti- inflammatory and antiproliferative activity. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antidepressant activity of aqueous extract of SP on forced swimming test on male albino rats after four weeks treatment. The effect was assessed by immobility time, body weight, vital organ weight, blood glucose, and degree of DNA fragmentation that might happen in leukocyte due to depression. These activities were tested at dose of 9. SP administered orally for 2. Rats were divided into two groups (1. SP aqueous extract at 9. PO for two weeks. On day 1. 4, animals will be further classified into four equal groups (six animals each): Undepressed control, depressed rats, extract plus undepressed rats and extract plus depressed for next two weeks. The samples were administered via gavage through oral route. The weight of the animals will be measured every week. It was found that extract significantly (p< 0. It also showed significant (p< 0. DNA fragmentation as compared to depressed group. The obtained results revealed that SP extract has got significant anti depressant activity. Hence, aqueous extract of SP may be explored further for the management of mental depression. Keywords. Salvadora persica; Depression; Force swimming test; DNA fragmentation. Introduction. Depression can be defined as a high common disorder with increasing lifetime rates [1]. World health organization reported that about 4. Antimicrobial Activity Of Salvador A Persica Mustard SeedDepression can be described as a state of mood or energy level that includes lack of motivation, a sense of hopelessness and a loss of physical energy. It is an emotional status that can result from many parts of our life. It is often a debilitating disease that affects a person’s work, family, sleeping and ability to assess life. A state of constant depression may suggest a biochemical imbalance or continual stress [4]. The common animal model of depression is Forced swimming test (FST) because it induces a depressive- like manner to conceal antidepressant effect of chemicals and can conclude depressive- like behavior in rats after exposure to other stressors [5]. FST explains a stressing situation which capable of creating a state of lower habit, reflected in the motionlessness induced in animals. The suggested mechanism by which stress causes its effects is via the hypothalamic– pituitary–adrenal axis and/or via the sympathoadrenomedullary system [6]. When free radicals are generated in extreme amounts in brain or the enzymatic and non- enzymatic antioxidant defense systems are ineffective, some chain reactions generating oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA are activated and neurons are impaired or even dead [7]. Depressive condition has been accompanied to brain oxidative stress [8]. Focusing in the usage of natural antioxidants is a new strategy for mitigate oxidative damage. Many of the negative effects of oxidative stress are decreased after supplementation with dietary antioxidants [9]. There is an increasing interest in total medicinal plant extracts, the largest value of which may be due to its constituents that subscribe to the modulation of the oxidative balance in vivo. Additionally, the special importance of total plant extracts is that they are easily available products, without purification to apply them in possible prevention of diseases [1. Reasonably, the application of large quantities of plant extracts is not to be recommends before evaluation of important health issues regarding use of plant phenolics and flavonoids in particular. The medicinally important species of Salvadora persica L. SP) also known as miswak, mustard tree and toothbrush tree, distributed mainly in tropical and sub tropical Asia. Miswak belong to family of Salvadoraceae and every part of the plant is used as a medicinal purpose among global Muslim community. Flavonoids are responsible for antimicrobial. the antidepressant activity of. of Salvadora persica L. (SP) also known as miswak, mustard tree and. This monograph is intended to serve as a guide to industry for the preparation of Product Licence Applications (PLAs) and labels for natural health product market. Salvadora persica is a small. of cress or mustard. Studies indicate that Salvadora persica extract exhibits low antimicrobial activity compared to other. Antimicrobial Activity 2003-04. activity of the differnt extracts of [Salvadora persica. tested for their antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Salvadora persica. tree or mustard. on S. persica include antimicrobial activity in vivo especially on. Various phytochemical studies on Salvadora persica reported the presence of alkaloids salvadorine, flavonoids, steroids, trimethylaine and salvadoricine. Flavonoids are responsible for antimicrobial, antiallergic, antioxidant, anti- inflammatory and antiproliferative activity. The leaves, roots and stem bark contain an alkaloid trimethylamine [1. Various ingredients of Salvadora persica have valuable important biological properties, including critical antibacterial and antifungal activity. But till now no scientific works have been reported on its antidepressant activity. In light of above information, it is necessary to investigate and develop more effectual antidepressants with lower adverse- effect such as natural product extract (Salvadora persica) especially on the biochemical changes associated with the depression in rats induced by FST. The mechanism of stress- induced depression is very complex and many actually beneficial artificial chemical antidepressants have decreasing rates of response and even acute adverse- effects [1. Materials and methods. Plant material. The dried roots of SP extract were purchased from a local market in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and authenticated by Herbarium, King Abdulaziz University. Preparation of aqueous extract. The root sticks were cut into small pieces and ground in grinding machine to fine powder, mixed with distilled water, and extracted for 2. C in a shaker. The mixture was then centrifuged at 3. The supernatants were subsequently filtered through Whatman No. Buchi Rotavapor R- 2. Antimicrobial Activity Of Salvador A Persica Mustard GreensC and was lyophilized. The resulting powder was packed in a glass bottle and stored at 4ºC until needed. It was dissolved in distilled water to prepare the exact aqueous dose (9. Kg- 1body weight) for orally injection [1. The extract obtained (2. Animals. Adult male rats (1. C) and light. They were give available ad libitum and tap water. Rats were randomly divided into two groups (1. Salvadora persica extract (9. PO) for two weeks (extract group). After completion of two weeks, animals were further classified into four equal groups (six animals each): Undepressed control group, depressed rats were daily exposed to FST for 1. Salvadora persica extract orally (9. FST for 1. 0 min and orally administered with plant extract at 9. Following FST, rats were returned to their cages and access food and tap water freely. The weight of the animals was measured every week. All behavioral procedures were carried out in animal models of depression for the evaluation of antidepressant- like effects of extract in groups of rats orally supplemented with aqueous extract following exposure to repeated stress for two weeks. Blood samples. At the end of the experimental period (2.
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